Raynaud's phenomenon is a common systemic sclerosis symptom by Steve Bryson, PhD 

​Elevated activity of a blood-clotting protein called Factor XIII (FXIII) in the bloodstream of adults with systemic sclerosis (SSc) is tied to the presence of Raynaud’s phenomenon, a common SSc symptom, a small study suggests.
While most study participants had FXIII activity levels within the normal range, “patients with higher FXIII activity are more likely to have circulatory disorders in their hands,” the researchers noted.
​
The study, “Factor XIII and Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis,” was published in the journal Hämostaseologie.

In survey, caregivers highlight key barriers to diagnosis, treatment by Steve Bryson, PhD 

Caregivers of children with juvenile scleroderma cited a lack of knowledge about the rare disease within the medical community as the primary barrier to a proper diagnosis and treatment, according to a new survey study.

For more than a quarter of the children, it took more than a year from the first symptoms to get a correct diagnosis. Misdiagnoses — ranging from allergies to eczema to a congenital overgrowth disorder — were commonly reported.

Other major hurdles reported by almost all respondents included finding reliable information about scleroderma — especially regarding pediatric patients — juggling work and the child’s healthcare needs, side effects of medications, and balancing care and school.

“Identifying key care barriers will help direct efforts to address needs, reduce disparities in care, and improve patient outcomes,” the researchers wrote, noting that delays in diagnosis and treatment “have been associated with more persistent disease activity, higher damage scores, and higher relapse rates.”

The survey study, “Barriers to care in juvenile localized and systemic scleroderma: an exploratory survey study of caregivers’ perspectives,” was published in the journal Pediatric Rheumatology.

​Wrong diagnosis common for many children with scleroderma
Juvenile scleroderma is a rare type of childhood scleroderma. Most cases are characterized by localized hardened patches of skin, particularly on the arms, legs, or trunk (torso). In more severe cases, the disease can affect organs throughout the body — this is known as systemic scleroderma — including the heart, kidneys, and blood vessels. In some children, these symptoms can be life-threatening.

Late diagnoses are common, with reported wait times of up to three years. Resulting delays in treatment have been linked to more and lasting disease activity, more tissue and organ damage, and more relapses.

The objective of this study, conducted as an online survey, was to investigate the obstacles caregivers encounter when attempting to access specialized care and treatment for children with juvenile scleroderma.
​
“This information could then guide future efforts to develop effective interventions to reduce diagnostic and treatment delays,” the researchers noted.

Study targets correlations among SSc patients with different types of lung disease by Andrea Lobo, PhD 

The degree of skin tightening is associated with changed levels of proteins implicated in inflammation and cell death among systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients with pulmonary involvement, a study in India reports.

The study established protein correlations among SSc patients with different types of lung disease, which might contribute to identifying lung involvement in people with newly diagnosed SSc, the team suggested.

“A longitudinal follow up in these patients with assessment of these immunological parameters may be helpful in monitoring the disease,” the researchers wrote.

The study, “A comparative study of modulatory interaction between cytokines and apoptotic proteins among Scleroderma patients with and without pulmonary involvement,” was published in the journal Cytokine.

SSc is characterized by abnormal scarring of the skin and potentially internal organs, such as the heart, kidney, lungs, and digestive tract.

The disease is thought to develop from the combination of immune dysfunction — meaning the activation and recruitment of immune cells and the production of self-targeting antibodies (fibrosis) — and damage to small blood vessels.

The most prominent forms of lung involvement in SSc are interstitial lung disease (ILD), a group of conditions characterized by lung inflammation and fibrosis, and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), caused by the narrowing of small blood vessels that transport blood to the lungs.

Studies have reported the involvement of proinflammatory and pro-fibrotic signaling molecules called cytokines in SSc. Also implicated in the disease are proteins associated with apoptosis — programmed cell death (as opposed to cell death caused by injury), which can alter immune responses.
​
To investigate the possible correlation between blood cytokines and apoptotic proteins in SSc, researchers in India analyzed 100 treatment-naïve SSc patients, with or without pulmonary involvement, as well as 100 healthy people who served as controls.

Levels may serve as biomarkers for the disease, help predict outcomes by Steve Bryson, PhD 

Levels of microparticles, tiny molecule-filled sacs shed from cells, were altered in the bloodstream of adults with systemic sclerosis (SSc), a study reports.

Elevated microparticles derived from blood-clotting platelets were associated with disease-related antibodies and longer disease duration. By contrast, lower levels of microparticles shed from endothelial cells that line blood vessels were tied to worse skin and blood vessel involvement.

These results suggest microparticles may participate in developing SSc and serve as biomarkers to predict outcomes, the researchers noted in “Microparticles: potential new contributors to the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis?” which was published in Advances in Rheumatology.

SSc, also called scleroderma, is an autoimmune disease that may affect multiple systems in the body. It’s marked by scar tissue building up in the skin and/or several organs, such as the heart, lungs, kidney, and digestive tract.

Microparticles (MPs), or microvesicles, are tiny membrane-bound sacs shed from cells undergoing activation or apoptosis (programmed cell death), which contain cell type-specific components. Mostly shed from platelets, white blood cells, and endothelial cells, MPs have been shown to modulate inflammatory and blood clotting activities.
​
Studies have suggested that people with SSc have higher levels of MPs in their blood, particularly those derived from endothelial cells (EMPs) and platelets (PMPs).

Study to focus on how immune system responses drive rare disease by Lindsey Shapiro, PhD

​The National Scleroderma Foundation has awarded a $200,000 research grant to a University of Minnesota scientist to study how immune system responses drive the emergence of scleroderma — the cause of which remains unknown.
The funding for researcher Rafael Contreras-Galindo, PhD, comes in the form of the two-year Marta Marx Fund for the Eradication of Scleroderma Award, given to scientists submitting the second-highest scoring research proposal to the foundation each year.

The project will be titled, “Centromeres, Chromosome Instability and cGAS-STING Activation in Scleroderma Fibrosis.”

“Identifying the cause of scleroderma is the main goal of this study,” Contreras-Galindo, assistant professor at the University of Minnesota’s The Hormel Institute, said in a university press release.

Scleroderma is an autoimmune disease that arises when the body’s immune system becomes overactive and attacks its own tissues, in this case, causing inflammation and damage to connective tissue.

In response, the cells overproduce collagen — a connective tissue protein — leading to scar tissue buildup that hardens and tightens connective tissues in the skin or other organs.

While the results are known, the mechanisms underlying this process haven’t been fully worked out. Contreras-Galindo’s team will specifically examine the potential role of centromere dysfunction in triggering these harmful immune responses.

Chromosomes, thread-like structures where DNA is packaged, consist of two identical halves. When a cell divides and replicates, these two halves split apart, ensuring that each new cell has the same genetic information as its parent.

​Centromeres sit between these two halves, holding them together and facilitating their split during cell division. If that process is defective, chromosomes become unstable and certain immune pathways can be triggered in response.

With his team, Contreras-Galindo found that people with scleroderma had signs of centromere defects in their skin cells not seen in healthy people. Findings from their work were published in a study in the journal Nature Communications

Data also indicated that an immune pathway called cGAS-STING was activated in SSc cells, which the researchers believe was triggered by the chromosomal abnormalities that were found.

Joint pain common in pediatric scleroderma patients, lung disease in older ones by Lindsey Shapiro, PhD 

The clinical presentation of systemic sclerosis (SSc) differs significantly between adult and pediatric patients, according to a recent study in Turkey.

Particularly, adults were more likely to have lung disease and to be at a higher risk of death than children, who were more likely to experience joint inflammation and pain. These differences, in turn, influenced treatment choices, which diverged significantly between adults and children.

The study, “Juvenile and adult-onset scleroderma: Different clinical phenotypes,” was published in the journal Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism.

Dr. Lee Shapiro, CMO of the Steffens Scleroderma Foundation, shares his insight by Amy Gietzen of Scleroderma News

In 2018, I was asked to be a keynote speaker at an interprofessional education event (IPE) that aimed to educate graduate students in various healthcare disciplines about scleroderma. I’m a patient advocate who’s lived with the disease for more than two decades, and I pride myself on spreading awareness and educating the public, so I gladly accepted.

The event was sponsored in part by the Steffens Scleroderma Foundation, a nonprofit whose mission is to support research toward the treatment and cure of scleroderma and to promote greater understanding of the disease, especially among healthcare professionals. It’s also where I met Dr. Lee Shapiro, a prominent rheumatologist and the foundation’s chief medical officer.
​
I’ve long admired Shapiro’s passion and dedication to the scleroderma community, so I recently reached out to him via email for an interview. Excerpts of our conversation follow, with light editing for clarity.

Elevated levels tied to more severe interstitial lung disease by Patricia Inácio, PhD

Elevated blood levels of the cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (CIRP) are linked with more severe interstitial lung disease (ILD) in systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients and may be a marker of disease activity, a study from Japan reports.

“Our results suggest that serum [blood] CIRP levels may serve as a useful serological marker of SSc-ILD in terms of disease activity and therapeutic effects,” the researchers wrote. These findings “hold the potential to pave the way for a novel design for the treatment of patients with SSc-ILD.”

The study, “Serum cold-inducible RNA-binding protein levels as a potential biomarker for systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease,” was published in the journal Scientific Reports

Protein’s levels a potential blood marker of SSc-ILD progression
ILD comprises a group of lung disorders marked by inflammation and fibrosis (scarring) that causes lung tissue to thicken and stiffen, restricting the volume of air that enters and leaves the lungs.

While blood biomarkers have been proposed, “few of them could help estimate the progression of SSc-ILD,” the researchers wrote.

Cells in damaged tissues release warning signaling molecules — called damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) — as a way of alerting and activating the immune system. Several DAMPs have been reported to be involved in SSc. The CIRP protein, recently identified as a DAMP, has rising levels following exposure to stressors such as low oxygen levels, UV radiation, and glucose (sugar) deprivation.

CIRP, a “general stress-response protein,” is found in several tissues, including the skin, lungs, and heart.
​
While the protein recently was implicated in the development of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, its role in SSc is not well known.

Findings: Education, marital status may affect symptoms by Margarida Maia, PhD

Having a higher level of education or being married may mean fewer symptoms of depression for people with systemic sclerosis (SSc), according to a systematic review of multiple studies.

Researchers also observed that lung involvement, breathing problems, and tender joints were linked to more symptoms of depression, but not anxiety.

Because there was not much evidence available, “future studies should examine prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders in SSc in large, representative samples,” the researchers wrote.

The systematic review, “Results from a living systematic review of the prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders and factors associated with symptoms in systemic sclerosis,” was published in the journal Scientific Reports.

People with SSc experience a wide range of symptoms caused by a buildup of scar tissue in the skin and possibly internal organs such as the heart, lungs, kidneys, and intestinal tract.

“Disease presentation is extremely heterogeneous, and its course is unpredictable,” the researchers wrote. Because they are unsure of how their disease will progress, many people with SSc experience changes in mood or begin to feel anxious.
​
Also contributing to mood and anxiety disorders are “high levels of chronic pain, fatigue, body-image distress, overall disability, increased risk of mortality, and limited treatment options,” the scientists added.

Patients positive for Scl-70 antibodies at more risk of major organ involvement by Steve Bryson, PhD 

People with systemic sclerosis (SSc) who test positive for Scl-70 self-reactive antibodies are at a higher risk of major organ involvement, particularly the lungs, than those with other types of autoantibodies, a study suggested.
Digestive tract involvement was associated with the presence of anti-nuclear (ANA) autoantibodies.

SSc patients with Scl-70 autoantibodies should be monitored for lung disease, regardless of whether their disease is limited to the skin or occurs in both skin and internal organs, the researchers recommended.

“Understanding these risk factors might help with earlier diagnosis and better disease management for people with SSc,” they noted in the autoantibody study, “Clinical phenotype in scleroderma patients based on autoantibodies,” which was published in Rheumatology Advances in Practice.

SSc, also called scleroderma, is an autoimmune disease that features the buildup of scar tissue in the skin and several other organs, potentially. It’s usually classified into two subtypes, based on the extent of skin symptoms. Limited cutaneous SSc (lcSSc) is indicated by skin symptoms confined to the face and arms below the elbows. Diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc) involves widespread skin scarring that’s accompanied by internal organ damage.

“However, dividing SSc according to skin involvement might be too simplistic, meaning that we could overlook a wider spectrum of the disease,” the researchers wrote.

People with SSc have self-reactive autoantibodies that mistakenly target cellular components in their own tissues, including Scl-70, ANA, and anti-centromere (ACA) autoantibodies.
​
While lcSSc has been associated with anti-ACA autoantibodies and dcSSc with anti-Scl-70 autoantibodies, some people with lcSSc are positive for Scl-70 autoantibodies and some with dsSSc are positive for ACA autoantibodies.